Este resumen es generado por inteligencia artificial y revisado por la redacción.
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Investigaciones demuestran que la natación ayuda a los niños no solo físicamente sino también en su desarrollo, según expertos de la Universidad de Canberra, Australia.
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Jorgensen y sus colaboradores decidieron verificar esta “intuición de la industria” mediante una investigación académica rigurosa, utilizando herramientas de evaluación reconocidas internacionalmente: las Escalas de Desarrollo Motor Peabody y las evaluaciones Woodcock-Johnson III, estandarizadas con respecto a los datos del censo nacional.
En cuanto a las medidas de alfabetización, aritmética y capacidad para seguir instrucciones, el estudio reveló que los niños pequeños menores de 5 años que participaban en actividades de natación, independientemente de su origen socioeconómico, podían estar entre 5 y 18 meses por delante de los hitos del desarrollo en alfabetización, aritmética y capacidad para seguir instrucciones, a un ritmo mucho mejor que la población infantil general de la misma edad.
Jorgensen insiste en que esto no significa que los niños pequeños que aprenden a nadar sean intrínsecamente más inteligentes; por el contrario, argumenta que las clases de natación desarrollan habilidades y aptitudes transferibles. Por ejemplo, un niño que cuenta patadas del uno al diez con un instructor, asimila la secuencia numérica y la correspondencia uno a uno, habilidades con un valor directo en el aula.
Si bien muchos padres inscriben a sus hijos en clases de natación por razones de seguridad, el detallado estudio de Jorgensen sugiere que los participantes obtienen ventajas cuantificables en el desarrollo cognitivo, las habilidades lingüísticas y la regulación emocional. “Es razonable afirmar que la natación prepara a los niños para la etapa escolar, especialmente para los primeros años y la transición a la escuela”, explica Jorgensen.
El estudio sugiere que los gobiernos de todo el mundo ya gastan miles de millones tratando de cerrar las brechas de rendimiento en las escuelas. “Este estudio demuestra que, incluso teniendo en cuenta el nivel socioeconómico, los niños que participan en clases de calidad obtienen mejores resultados que la población general. Sería lógico que el gobierno considerara invertir en la impartición o subvención de clases de natación para niños pequeños, destinadas a familias que de otro modo quedarían excluidas”, explica Jorgensen.
“Invertir en clases de natación de calidad sería una decisión políticamente acertada. El costo de las clases puede ser bastante elevado, pero si se crearan políticas para ofrecer subsidios a los padres o para crear programas de natación para familias desfavorecidas, existe un gran potencial para aportar capital a estos grupos de estudiantes”, finaliza.
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Tipo de trabajo:
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const conversationStorageKey=profile=>’merlin-devrev-conversation-id:’+profile.uid;const historyStorageKey=profile=>’merlin-devrev-history:’+profile.uid;const clearedConversationStorageKey=profile=>’merlin-devrev-conversation-cleared:’+profile.uid;const cacheSourceId=’widget-‘+Math.random().toString(36).slice(2);const readCachedHistory=profile=>{try{const raw=window.localStorage.getItem(historyStorageKey(profile));if(!raw)return null;const cached=JSON.parse(raw);if(cached.version!==1||!Number.isFinite(cached.updatedAt)||!cached.conversationId||!Array.isArray(cached.messages)||Date.now()-cached.updatedAt>2592e6){window.localStorage.removeItem(historyStorageKey(profile));return null;}const history=cached.messages.filter(message=>message&&typeof message.id===’string’&&(message.role===’user’||message.role===’assistant’)&&typeof message.content===’string’&&message.content.trim()).slice(-60);return history.length?{conversationId:cached.conversationId,messages:history}:null;}catch(error){return null;}};const getRenderedHistory=()=>messages?Array.from(messages.children).filter(item=>item.dataset.messageRole===’user’||item.dataset.messageRole===’assistant’).map((item,index)=>({id:item.dataset.messageId||’widget-‘+index,role:item.dataset.messageRole,content:item.dataset.messageContent||»})).filter(message=>message.content.trim()):[];const saveCachedHistory=(profile,id,history=getRenderedHistory())=>{if(!profile||!id||!history.length)return;const cached={version:1,updatedAt:Date.now(),conversationId:id,messages:history.slice(-60).map(message=>({…message,content:message.content.slice(0,16000)}))};try{window.localStorage.setItem(historyStorageKey(profile),JSON.stringify(cached));}catch(error){}window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(‘merlin:history-updated’,{detail:{sourceId:cacheSourceId,uid:profile.uid,conversationId:id,messages:cached.messages}}));};const clearCachedHistory=profile=>{if(!profile)return;try{window.localStorage.removeItem(historyStorageKey(profile));}catch(error){}window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(‘merlin:history-updated’,{detail:{sourceId:cacheSourceId,uid:profile.uid,cleared:true}}));};const showCachedHistory=profile=>{const cached=readCachedHistory(profile);if(!cached||!messages)return null;messages.replaceChildren();cached.messages.forEach(message=>renderMessage(message.content,message.role,message.id));conversationId=cached.conversationId;loadedConversationId=cached.conversationId;shouldFollowResponse=true;return cached;};const replaceHistoryFromEvent=detail=>{if(!messages)return;messages.replaceChildren(…(detail.messages&&detail.messages.length?[]:initialMessages).map(message=>message.cloneNode(true)));(detail.messages||[]).forEach(message=>renderMessage(message.content,message.role,message.id));conversationId=detail.conversationId||null;loadedConversationId=detail.conversationId||null;messages.scrollTop=messages.scrollHeight;updateScrollButton();};const markConversationCleared=profile=>{try{window.localStorage.setItem(clearedConversationStorageKey(profile),’1′);}catch(error){}try{window.localStorage.removeItem(conversationStorageKey(profile));}catch(error){}clearCachedHistory(profile);};
const getWebsite=()=>window.Fusion&&(window.Fusion.arcSite||window.Fusion.website)||document.documentElement.getAttribute(‘data-arc-site’)||’elcomercio’;const getDeployment=()=>{const meta=document.querySelector(‘meta[name=»deployment»]’);const deployment=meta?meta.getAttribute(‘content’):»;return deployment&&deployment!==’$LATEST’?deployment:»;};const getSession=async profile=>{const query={email:profile.email,uid:profile.uid};if(profile.name)query.name=profile.name;const params=new URLSearchParams({query:JSON.stringify(query),_website:getWebsite(),v:String(Date.now())});const deployment=getDeployment();if(deployment)params.set(‘d’,deployment);const response=await fetch(‘/pf/api/v3/content/fetch/’+SESSION_SOURCE+’?’+params.toString());if(!response.ok)throw new Error(‘No se pudo iniciar la sesión de Merlín.’);const data=await response.json();if(!data||data.result!==200||!data.access_token){throw new Error(data&&data.message||’No se pudo iniciar la sesión de 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let session=null;let sessionUid=null;let conversationId=null;let isSending=false;const setSendingState=sending=>{isSending=sending;if(submit)submit.disabled=sending;if(form)form.setAttribute(‘aria-busy’,String(sending));};let hasTrackedAuthentication=false;let responsePollTimer=null;let socket=null;let socketConversationId=null;let socketReconnectTimer=null;let activeStream=null;let activeRequestStartedAt=0;let activeRequestEntryIds=new Set();let lastCompletedResponse=»»;let responseAnimationFinished=false;let shouldFollowResponse=true;let identityGeneration=0;let dialogCloseTimer=null;const createStream=()=>{if(!messages)return null;const item=document.createElement(‘li’);item.className=»merlin-widget__message merlin-widget__message–assistant»;const paragraph=document.createElement(‘div’);paragraph.className=»merlin-widget__message-text merlin-widget__message-content»;item.appendChild(paragraph);messages.appendChild(item);let resolveCompletion;const completion=new Promise(resolve=>{resolveCompletion=resolve;});activeStream={item,paragraph,target:»,visible:»,complete:false,timer:null,completion,resolveCompletion};updateScrollButton();return activeStream;};const finishStream=stream=>{if(activeStream!==stream)return;const preservedScrollTop=messages?messages.scrollTop:null;if(stream.timer)window.clearTimeout(stream.timer);stream.timer=null;stream.paragraph.innerHTML=renderAssistantMessage(stream.target,false);stream.item.dataset.messageRole=»assistant»;stream.item.dataset.messageContent=stream.target;stream.item.dataset.messageId=stream.item.dataset.messageId||’assistant-‘+Date.now();const cacheProfile=getAuthProfile();if(cacheProfile&&conversationId)saveCachedHistory(cacheProfile,conversationId);lastCompletedResponse=stream.target;responseAnimationFinished=true;const reportProfile=getAuthProfile();if(reportProfile)sendMerlinMessageReport(reportProfile.uid,activeReportRequestId,activeReportQuestion,stream.target);activeReportQuestion=»;activeReportRequestId=»;hideThinking();if(messages&&preservedScrollTop!==null)messages.scrollTop=preservedScrollTop;activeStream=null;setStatus(»);updateScrollButton();stream.resolveCompletion();};const revealStreamText=stream=>{if(activeStream!==stream||stream.timer)return;const revealNext=()=>{stream.timer=null;if(activeStream!==stream)return;if(stream.visible.length
let thinkingMessage=null;let thinkingLabel=null;const showThinking=(explanation,scrollTarget=null,scrollBehavior=»auto»)=>{if(!messages)return;if(thinkingMessage){if(explanation)thinkingLabel.textContent=explanation;return;}const item=document.createElement(‘li’);item.className=»merlin-widget__message merlin-widget__message–assistant merlin-widget__thinking»;item.setAttribute(‘role’,’status’);const icon=document.createElement(‘img’);icon.className=»merlin-widget__thinking-icon»;icon.src=THINKING_IMAGE;icon.alt=»»;icon.setAttribute(‘aria-hidden’,’true’);const content=document.createElement(‘div’);content.className=»merlin-widget__thinking-content»;const label=document.createElement(‘span’);label.className=»merlin-widget__thinking-label»;label.textContent=explanation||’Preparando tu respuesta’;const dots=document.createElement(‘span’);dots.className=»merlin-widget__thinking-dots»;dots.setAttribute(‘aria-hidden’,’true’);for(let index=0;index<3;index+=1){const dot=document.createElement(‘span’);dot.className=»merlin-widget__thinking-dot»;dots.appendChild(dot);}content.append(label,dots);item.append(icon,content);messages.appendChild(item);thinkingMessage=item;thinkingLabel=label;scrollToResponse(scrollTarget||item,scrollBehavior,Boolean(scrollTarget));updateScrollButton();};const hideThinking=()=>{thinkingMessage?.remove();thinkingMessage=null;thinkingLabel=null;};
const openSocket=async(context,id)=>{if(socket&&socket.readyState<=WebSocket.OPEN&&socketConversationId===id)return;try{socket?.close();}catch(error){}const data=await devrevFetch(context.session,’/internal/sockets.open’,{method:’POST’,body:JSON.stringify({surface:’web’})});const connectId=data.connect_id||data.connectId||data.data&&(data.data.connect_id||data.data.connectId||data.data.id)||data.socket&&(data.socket.connect_id||data.socket.connectId||data.socket.id)||data.id;if(!connectId)throw new Error(‘DevRev no devolvió connect_id.’);const base=String(data.base_url||data.data&&data.data.base_url||data.socket&&data.socket.base_url||WSS_BASE).replace(/^http:/,’ws:’).replace(/^https:/,’wss:’).replace(//$/,»);const nextSocket=new WebSocket(base+’/internal/sockets.connect?id=’+encodeURIComponent(connectId));socket=nextSocket;socketConversationId=id;nextSocket.addEventListener(‘open’,()=>{if(socket!==nextSocket)return;nextSocket.send(JSON.stringify({subscribe:{add:[id],id}}));});nextSocket.addEventListener(‘message’,event=>{if(socket!==nextSocket||!isSending)return;let payload;try{payload=JSON.parse(event.data);}catch(error){return;}if(payload.type===’user_typing’){const typing=payload.user_typing;const draft=typing&&typing.snap_widget_draft;const user=typing&&typing.user;const draftType=draft&&(draft.type||draft.namespace);const eventConversationId=typing&&(typing.object||payload.subscribe_id||typing.object_v1);const draftText=draft&&(draft.message||draft.body);if(user&&user.type===’service_account’&&draftType===’ai_assistant_message’&&(!eventConversationId||eventConversationId===id)){const explanation=thinkingExplanation(draft);if(explanation)showThinking(explanation);if(typeof draftText===’string’)updateStream(draftText,false);}return;}const entry=payload.type===’timeline_entry_created’?payload.timeline_entry_created&&payload.timeline_entry_created.entry:payload.type===’timeline_entry_updated’?payload.timeline_entry_updated&&payload.timeline_entry_updated.entry:null;if(!entry||!entry.id||entry.created_by&&entry.created_by.type===’rev_user’)return;const explanation=thinkingExplanation(entry);if(explanation)showThinking(explanation);const timestamp=Date.parse(entry.created_date||»);if(activeRequestEntryIds.has(entry.id)||!Number.isNaN(timestamp)&&activeRequestStartedAt&×tamp
const authenticate=async()=>{const profile=getAuthProfile();if(!profile){setStatus(‘Inicia sesión para conversar con Merlín.’,’warning’);return null;}const requestIdentityGeneration=identityGeneration;if(!session||sessionUid!==profile.uid){const nextSession=await getSession(profile);if(requestIdentityGeneration!==identityGeneration||getAuthProfile()?.uid!==profile.uid)return null;session=nextSession;sessionUid=profile.uid;}setStatus(»);if(!hasTrackedAuthentication){pushAnalytics({event:’merlin_widget’});hasTrackedAuthentication=true;}return{profile,session};};const resetForIdentityChange=()=>{identityGeneration+=1;activeProfileUid=null;shouldOpenAfterLogin=false;awaitingPianoLogin=false;if(socketReconnectTimer)window.clearTimeout(socketReconnectTimer);if(activeStream&&activeStream.timer)window.clearTimeout(activeStream.timer);activeStream?.resolveCompletion();activeStream=null;thinkingMessage=null;thinkingLabel=null;try{socket?.close();}catch(error){}socket=null;socketConversationId=null;session=null;sessionUid=null;conversationId=null;loadedConversationId=null;setSendingState(false);hasTrackedAuthentication=false;lastCompletedResponse=»»;responseAnimationFinished=false;shouldFollowResponse=true;if(messages){messages.replaceChildren(…initialMessages.map(message=>message.cloneNode(true)));messages.scrollTop=0;}input.value=»»;setStatus(»);if(dialogCloseTimer)window.clearTimeout(dialogCloseTimer);dialogCloseTimer=null;dialog.classList.remove(‘merlin-widget__dialog–closing’);if(isDialogOpen())dialog.close();trigger.setAttribute(‘aria-expanded’,’false’);trigger.setAttribute(‘aria-label’,’Pregúntale a Merlín IA’);updateScrollButton();};
let previousMessagesScrollTop=messages?messages.scrollTop:0;const updateScrollButton=()=>{if(!messages||!scrollBottomButton)return;const currentScrollTop=messages.scrollTop;const hasOverflow=messages.scrollHeight>messages.clientHeight+1;const distanceFromBottom=messages.scrollHeight-currentScrollTop-messages.clientHeight;if(currentScrollTop
const MAX_QUERY_LENGTH=1200;const validateChatQuery=text=>{const normalized=text.trim();if(!normalized)return{valid:false,reason:’empty’};if(Array.from(normalized).length<3)return{valid:false,reason:’min-length’};if(!/[p{L}p{N}]/u.test(normalized))return{valid:false,reason:’no-letters-or-numbers’};if(normalized.length>MAX_QUERY_LENGTH)return{valid:false,reason:’max-length’};return{valid:true,text:normalized};};const getQueryValidationMessage=reason=>reason===’empty’?’Escribe una pregunta para Merlín.’:reason===’min-length’?’Escribe al menos 3 caracteres para que Merlín pueda ayudarte.’:reason===’no-letters-or-numbers’?’Incluye al menos una letra o un número. Puedes usar signos, tildes y emojis.’:’Tu pregunta puede tener hasta 1200 caracteres. Acórtala un poco para enviarla.’;
const characterCounter=widget.querySelector(‘[data-merlin-widget-counter]’);const updateCharacterCounter=()=>{if(status&&!status.hidden)setStatus(»);if(!characterCounter)return;const atLimit=input.value.length>=MAX_QUERY_LENGTH;characterCounter.hidden=!atLimit;if(atLimit)characterCounter.textContent=»Límite alcanzado: «+MAX_QUERY_LENGTH+’ caracteres.’;};input.addEventListener(‘input’,updateCharacterCounter);const closeMenu=()=>{if(!menu||!moreButton)return;menu.hidden=true;moreButton.setAttribute(‘aria-expanded’,’false’);};moreButton?.addEventListener(‘click’,()=>{if(!menu)return;menu.hidden=!menu.hidden;moreButton.setAttribute(‘aria-expanded’,String(!menu.hidden));if(!menu.hidden){const firstMenuItem=menu.querySelector(‘a[href], button’);firstMenuItem?.focus();}});clearButton?.addEventListener(‘click’,async()=>{if(isSending)return;if(messages){messages.replaceChildren(…initialMessages.map(message=>message.cloneNode(true)));messages.scrollTop=0;updateScrollButton();}input.value=»»;setStatus(»);closeMenu();const profile=getAuthProfile();if(profile)markConversationCleared(profile);if(profile&&session){setSendingState(true);try{conversationId=null;loadedConversationId=null;try{socket?.close();}catch(error){}socket=null;socketConversationId=null;conversationId=await createConversation(session,profile);loadedConversationId=conversationId;const context={profile,session};openSocket(context,conversationId).catch(()=>undefined);setStatus(»);}catch(error){setStatus(‘No se pudo limpiar el chat. Intenta nuevamente.’);}finally{setSendingState(false);}}else if(profile){conversationId=null;loadedConversationId=null;}else conversationId=null;input.focus();});
form?.addEventListener(‘submit’,async event=>{event.preventDefault();const validation=validateChatQuery(input.value);if(isSending)return;if(!validation.valid){setStatus(getQueryValidationMessage(validation.reason));input.focus();return;}const text=validation.text;activeReportQuestion=text;activeReportRequestId=String(Date.now());pushAnalytics({event:’merlin_search_query’,search_term:text,query_type:’manual’,query_location:’widget’});setSendingState(true);const requestIdentityGeneration=identityGeneration;let authError=null;const context=await authenticate().catch(error=>{authError=error;setStatus(error instanceof Error?error.message:’No se pudo conectar con Merlín.’);return null;});if(requestIdentityGeneration!==identityGeneration)return;if(!context){setSendingState(false);if(!getAuthProfile()&&!authError)requestPianoLogin();return;}setStatus(»);activeRequestStartedAt=Date.now();shouldFollowResponse=true;activeRequestEntryIds=new Set();lastCompletedResponse=»»;responseAnimationFinished=false;const sentMessage=renderMessage(text,’user’);shouldFollowResponse=true;messages?.querySelector(‘.merlin-widget__message–intro’)?.remove();showThinking(undefined,sentMessage,’smooth’);input.value=»»;try{if(!conversationId)conversationId=await findConversation(context.session,context.profile);if(requestIdentityGeneration!==identityGeneration)return;const timeline=await getTimeline(context.session,conversationId);if(requestIdentityGeneration!==identityGeneration)return;activeRequestEntryIds=new Set(timeline.map(entry=>entry&&entry.id).filter(Boolean));saveCachedHistory(context.profile,conversationId);await devrevFetch(context.session,’/timeline-entries.create’,{method:’POST’,body:JSON.stringify({object:conversationId,type:’timeline_comment’,body:text})});if(requestIdentityGeneration!==identityGeneration)return;const deadline=activeRequestStartedAt+RESPONSE_TIMEOUT;let completedEntry=null;let pollInterval=RESPONSE_POLL_INTERVAL;while(Date.now()
input.addEventListener(‘keydown’,event=>{if(event.key!==’Enter’||event.shiftKey||event.isComposing)return;event.preventDefault();if(form&&typeof form.requestSubmit===’function’){form.requestSubmit();}else if(submit){submit.click();}});menu?.querySelector(‘a[href]’)?.addEventListener(‘click’,closeMenu);document.addEventListener(‘click’,event=>{const target=event.target;if(target instanceof Node&&menu&&moreButton&&!menu.contains(target)&&!moreButton.contains(target)){closeMenu();}});dialog.addEventListener(‘cancel’,event=>event.preventDefault());dialog.addEventListener(‘keydown’,event=>{if(event.key===’Escape’){event.preventDefault();if(menu&&!menu.hidden){closeMenu();moreButton?.focus();}return;}if(event.key!==’Tab’)return;const focusable=Array.from(dialog.querySelectorAll(‘a[href], button:not(:disabled), textarea:not(:disabled)’)).filter(element=>!element.closest(‘[hidden]’));const first=focusable[0];const last=focusable[focusable.length-1];if(event.shiftKey&&document.activeElement===first){event.preventDefault();last.focus();}else if(!event.shiftKey&&document.activeElement===last){event.preventDefault();first.focus();}});dialog.addEventListener(‘close’,()=>{trigger.setAttribute(‘aria-expanded’,’false’);trigger.setAttribute(‘aria-label’,’Abrir chat con Merlín IA’);closeMenu();trigger.focus();});});};if(document.readyState===’loading’){document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,initializeWidgets,{once:true});return;}initializeWidgets();})();
(()=>{const tooltip=document.querySelector(«[data-merlin-widget-tooltip]»);const widget=document.querySelector(«[data-merlin-widget]»);const trigger=widget?.querySelector(«[data-merlin-widget-trigger]»);const closeButton=tooltip?.querySelector(«[data-merlin-widget-tooltip-close]»);if(!tooltip||!trigger||!closeButton||tooltip.dataset.initialized)return;const start=Number(tooltip.dataset.start);const end=Number(tooltip.dataset.end);const stateKey=window.location.pathname+»|story»;const existingState=window.__MERLIN_TOOLTIP_STATE__;const state=existingState?.key===stateKey?existingState:{key:stateKey,presented:false,dismissed:false};if(existingState?.tooltip&&existingState.tooltip!==tooltip){existingState.tooltip.dispatchEvent(new Event(«merlin-tip-destroy»))}state.tooltip=tooltip;window.__MERLIN_TOOLTIP_STATE__=state;tooltip.dataset.initialized=»true»;const globalDismissKey=»ec-merlin-tutorial-dismissed»;let userDismissKey=»»;let destroyed=false;let dismissed=state.dismissed||tooltip.dataset.dismissed===»true»;let presented=state.presented||tooltip.dataset.presented===»true»;let activeTrigger=null;let presentationTimer=null;let frame=0;let scheduleTimer=null;const mediaQuery=window.matchMedia(«(min-width: 1024px)»);const listeners=[];const clamp=(value,min,max)=>Math.max(min,Math.min(value,max));const listen=(target,eventName,handler,options)=>{target.addEventListener(eventName,handler,options);listeners.push(()=>target.removeEventListener(eventName,handler,options))};const hasCookie=key=>{try{return document.cookie.split(«;»).some(cookie=>cookie.trim()===key+»=1″)}catch(_error){return false}};const hasStorageValue=key=>{try{return window.localStorage.getItem(key)===»1″}catch(_error){return false}};const isDismissed=()=>hasStorageValue(globalDismissKey)||hasCookie(globalDismissKey)||Boolean(userDismissKey&&(hasStorageValue(userDismissKey)||hasCookie(userDismissKey)));const persistDismissal=()=>{const keys=userDismissKey?[globalDismissKey,userDismissKey]:[globalDismissKey];keys.forEach(key=>{try{window.localStorage.setItem(key,»1″)}catch(_error){}try{document.cookie=key+»=1; Path=/; SameSite=Lax; Max-Age=31536000″}catch(_error){}})};const hideTooltip=()=>{tooltip.hidden=true;tooltip.classList.remove(«merlin-widget__tooltip–visible»,»merlin-widget__tooltip–above»);if(activeTrigger)activeTrigger.removeAttribute(«aria-describedby»);window.clearTimeout(presentationTimer);presentationTimer=null};const isCampaignActive=()=>!destroyed&&!dismissed&&Number.isFinite(start)&&Number.isFinite(end)&&Date.now()>=start&&Date.now()